Abnormal autophagy in acinar cells during AP is closely associated with various signaling pathways (Table 2), such as the AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway (61, 69), the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway (17), the AKT/AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway (70), the Beclin-1 signaling pathway (71), the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway (72), and the NF-kB/TNFα/SIRT1 signaling pathway (73). Here, TNF is linked to alkaline phosphatase measurement.