NFKB1 and systemic inflammatory response syndrome: (2) Macrophages polarize towards a proinflammatory M1 phenotype under the stimulation of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), releasing inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α and IL-1β through the NF-κB pathway, which intensifies local inflammation and spreads systemically, inducing systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) (28).