Furthermore, MSC cell-derived exosomes have shown protective effects by maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis, suppress lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory cytokine release in AECs through NRF2 and NF-κB-related signaling pathways, thereby alleviating bacterial Sepsis-Associated AEC apoptosis and promoting cell proliferation (88, 108). Here, NFKB1 is linked to bacterial infectious disease with sepsis.