In recent years, the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), particularly targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), and programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), has led to significant breakthroughs in the treatment of advanced NSCLC (3). Here, PDCD1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.