TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: This study constructed ten separate network meta-analysis models targeting key metabolic and inflammatory outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, including body mass index (BMI), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c%), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α).