IL-12 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine composed of two subunits, IL-12A (p35) and IL-12B (p40), which are covalently linked to form a bioactive IL-12p70 heterodimer complex.31 At the tumor site, IL-12 can promote anti-tumor immunity33,34 by altering the cellular composition of the TME.35 In the context of primary human glioma, high or low expression levels of IL12A/B in the tumor did not predict an overall survival benefit of GB patients (Figure S1A). Here, IL12A is linked to neoplasm.