The predictive capability of PD‐L1+ exosomes isolated using our system was evaluated for estimating therapeutic outcomes following ICI treatment and compared with the conventional tissue PD‐L1 tumor proportion score (TPS) (Figure 5D).[24] Among the fifteen lung cancer patients included in this study, eight patients demonstrated tumor size reduction following ICI therapy (Figure 5E,F), corresponding to partial responses (PR; responders). This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and lung cancer.