Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic metabolic disease caused by the autoimmune destruction of insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells.409–411 The innate immune system is disrupted in T1D, resulting in the progressive destruction of pancreatic islet β-cells, which is mediated by the infiltration of CD8+ T cells, NK cells, and B cells, followed by the activation of DCs and macrophages. Here, INS is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.