TNF and acute respiratory distress syndrome: BM-MSCs have been demonstrated to mitigate inflammation, rebuild the capillary‒alveolar membrane, and contribute significantly to the repair process of lung injury caused by ARDS.204,205 Autologous transplantation of BM-MSCs into the lungs of New Zealand rabbits with ARDS has been shown to decrease the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 while increasing the level of IL-10.206 This transplantation technique also has the ability to ameliorate symptoms associated with inflammatory cell infiltration, pulmonary hemorrhage, and pulmonary edema.