demonstrated that PNS effectively reduced blood levels of inflammatory proteins NF-κB p65, NLRP3, IL-1β, and IL-18 in adenine-induced CKD rats while inhibiting the progression of inflammation and fibrosis in renal tissue by modulating gut microbiota and suppressing the activation of renal pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic proteins [159]. Here, IL1B is linked to chronic kidney disease.