CXCL12 and glioblastoma: Khan et al. (2023) demonstrated that GBM stem cells migrate in response to a CXCL12 concentration gradient ranging from 0.02 to 0.2 μg/mL. It was also demonstrated that CXCL12 stimulates SW480 and HT-29 metastatic colorectal cell line migration via its receptor CXCR4 at a specific concentration of 100 ng/mL (Rubie et al., 2011).