CCDC86 and glioma: To further explore CCDC86's functional impact in glioma, we utilized three shRNAs (shCCDC86-1, shCCDC86-2, and shCCDC86-3) to target CCDC86, thereby suppressing its expression in U251 cells, which exhibited the highest endogenous CCDC86 levels (Fig. S1A, B).