GPER1 and benign prostatic hyperplasia: Metabolomic imbalances further potentiate BPH pathogenesis: (1) Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) depletion compromises intestinal barrier integrity, enabling microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) to trigger systemic inflammation (66); (2) Hormonal axis disruption occurs via GPER dysregulation, linking microbiota-derived signals to estrogenic pathways in prostatic stroma (67).