Initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) during TB therapy in HIV/TB has been shown in multiple trials to have mortality benefit,9–12 with early ART in those with CD4 count below 50 cells/μL conveying a higher risk of IRIS but improved survival, as well as a lower risk of TB treatment failure.13–15 Early ART initiation offers further potential benefits, e.g. viral suppression and retention-in-care are improved by early ART initiation in PLHIV without TB. The gene discussed is CD4; the disease is tuberculosis.