Macrophages are pivotal regulators of the immune response in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), with M1-type macrophages (marked by CD86 and iNOS) promoting inflammation and tissue damage, whereas M2-type macrophages (characterized by CD163 and ARG1) contribute to anti-inflammatory responses and mucosal repair [14, 16, 34–38]. Here, CD86 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.