INS and ischemic stroke: For ischemic stroke, DPP4is, GLP-1 RAs, and glinides were associated with a lower risk (HR: 0.71 [95% CI 0.58–0.87], 0.50 [95% CI 0.32–0.80], and 0.62 [95% CI 0.45–0.84]) compared to insulin.