According to current studies, AF predictors in ESUS include older age, high CHA2DS2-VASc scores, rhythm irregularity burden (HR 3.12), elevated NT-proBNP, left atrial enlargement, NSAT, prolonged PR interval, and specific imaging patterns (e.g. non-lacunar, bihemispheric, multifocal) [17, 39, 40]. This evidence concerns the gene NPPB and atrial fibrillation.