TAC1 and gastric cancer: Downregulation of the expression of ATP1B1, which encodes the β1 subunit of NKA, has been identified as a crucial factor in increasing the invasiveness of epithelial cancer cells and is being studied as a potential tumor suppressor.(34) On the other hand, the ATP1B3 gene, which encodes the β3 subunit of the enzyme, regulates cell adhesion and is implicated in promoting tumorigenicity through the activation of pro-inflammatory factors in gastric cancer.(35)