IFNA1 and HIV infectious disease: While we cannot exclude the possibility that residual HIV expression undetectable by ddPCR contributes to the low levels of IFN-I activity during ART, or that limitations in anatomic sampling may miss regions that disproportionately contribute to the total CNS reservoir and drive a broader IFN signature, our data suggest that IFN-I signaling activation may not be solely due to persistent HIV infection.