Conversely, NOA is attributed toprimary testicular failure (elevated LH, FSH, small testes affecting up to 10%of men presenting with infertility), secondary testicular failure (congenitalhypogonadotropic hypogonadism with decreased LH and FSH, small testes), orincomplete or ambiguous testicular failure (either increased FSH and normalvolume testes, normal FSH and small testes, or normal FSH and normal testisvolume) (Wosnitzer et al.2014). This evidence concerns the gene PLOD1 and Infertility.