TGFB1 and cancer: As p38MAPK activity is known to regulate the expression of EMT-associated markers in breast epithelial and cancer cell lines (Werden et al., 2016) and also controls the expression of several cytokines and chemokines (Hashimoto et al., 1999; Parhar et al., 2003; Petrova et al., 2020; Canovas and Nebreda, 2021), we next assessed the effect of p38MAPK inhibition on TGF-β1/TNF-α–mediated EMT markers and chemokine production in M2 cells.