A second patient was a 17-month-old female with treatment-refractory SJIA and smouldering MAS who had received treatment with both anti-IL6 and anti-IL1 blockade, in addition to cyclosporine, before progressing to etoposide as a bridge to allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation [49]. This evidence concerns the gene IL6 and macrophage activation syndrome.