VIL1 and coinfection: Since H. pylori strain NCTC11637 co-infection with EBV impairs the growth of and morphology change in NGOs, we attempted to examine the expression of host genes related to glands and tumor biomarkers, including MUC5AC and TFF1 (for surface mucous cells), MUC6 and TFF2 (for neck mucous cells), PGC (for chief cells), CDH1, ACTB, and EPCAM (for cytoskeleton), Lgr5 (for stem cells), and IL8 (for inflammatory), as well as Axin2, CTNNB1, OLFM4, VIL1, MYC, and CD44 (for tumor genes).