Consistently, the results showed that NGOs displayed a significant upregulation of TFF1, VIL1, and Lgr5 at 24 h after co-infection of H. pylori with EBV and a downregulation of CD44 and Axin 2 compared to the H. pylori or EBV-alone groups (Fig. 7A and B). Here, CD44 is linked to coinfection.