INS and Insulin resistance: In this regard, previous studies have indicated that statins may contribute to insulin resistance through a variety of mechanisms, including impaired insulin signaling (Bredefeld et al., 2024), mitochondrial dysfunction (Mollazadeh et al., 2021), altered adipokine levels (Perelas et al., 2010), and modification of gut microbiota (She et al., 2024; Lagunas-Rangel et al., 2025a; Lagunas-Rangel et al., 2025b).