TNF and Hyperglycemia: Hyperglycemia activates the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome pathways, increasing pro-inflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and (IL-6) levels, and it damages glomerular endothelial cells, podocytes, and renal tubules (Islam et al., 2017).