TGFB1 and cancer: Therefore, disruption of TGF-β signaling leads to life-threatening diseases such as cancer, fibrosis, and congenital malformations.TGF-β1 is a subtype of the TGF-β family (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that plays a crucial role in the development of fibrosis and solid tumor.Structures of TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3 are highly similar and have closely related ligands [13,14].