As expected, HLA-DQB1*03:02 was most strongly associated with T1D risk in the EUR and FIN groups, while in the AFR and AMR groups, the most strongly associated HLA class II allele was HLA DQA1*03:01, which aligns with our previous findings from recent type 1 diabetes GWAS [24]. Here, HLA-DQA1 is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.