Accordingly, building on our earlier framework20, we utilized the principles of target trial emulation framework to systematically and comprehensively characterize the phenome-wide safety and effectiveness profiles of GLP-1RA relative to sulfonylureas, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i), and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) among individuals with T2D across five large, diverse U.S. healthcare systems in the state of California20,21. This evidence concerns the gene DPP4 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.