Based on the univariable Cox regression analysis presented in Supplementary Table S1, age, BMI, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, NYHA classification, log BNP, anemia, eGFR, hyperuricemia, and SMI (as both continuous and categorical variables) were identified as risk factors associated with all-cause death (p < 0.05). Here, NPPB is linked to anemia (phenotype).