Based on the high PD-L1 levels reported in EBV-infected nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) (46), EBV-related B-cell lymphoma, EBV-associated gastric cancers (7), and EBV-positive Hodgkin lymphoma (47), it can be argued that the chronic inflammatory environment of EBV-associated cancers may promote the upregulation of PD-L1 and the PD-L1/PD-1 axis (39). This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and cancer.