INS and polycystic ovary syndrome: The therapeutic implications of targeting the Inhba/Smad2/E2f4 axis are particularly interesting given the limitations of current PCOS treatments, such as insulin sensitizers and anti-androgenic agents (Armani et al., 2022; Dumesic et al., 2015; Escobar-Morreale, 2018), which fail to address the molecular mechanisms underlying TCs hyperplasia.