TNF and colitis: Complementing these findings, Long and coworkers showed in DSS- and Salmonella-induced colitis models that a T. spiralis-derived serine protease inhibitor attenuated inflammation by immune modulation via reduced TNF-α and neutrophil infiltration alongside increased IL-10 and M2 macrophage polarization, as well as microbiome restoration evidenced by increased microbial diversity, probiotic abundance, and epithelial barrier integrity67.