TNF and escherichia coli infection: Previous studies have shown that taking BBR can significantly alleviate the increase in serum IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α caused by Escherichia coli infection in chicks (Meng et al., 2024) and alleviate the increase in IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α expression in the intestine caused by Escherichia coli infection in weaned piglets (Du et al., 2024).