CCL2 and hypertensive disorder: Lastly, elevated monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) levels in obese individuals contribute to immune cell recruitment and inflammation in adipose tissue and arterial walls, heightening cardiovascular risks [42,48,49], and promoting the development of chronic comorbidities (Type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, and hypertension) [48–50].