SPP1 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: SPP1 is overexpressed in lung cancer and promotes cell invasion, migration, and tumor growth by upregulating COL11A1.[27] In COPD, elevated SPP1 levels correlate with disease severity and drive chronic inflammation by recruiting immune cells.[28] This persistent inflammation and ECM remodeling may create a tumor-promoting environment, linking COPD to increased lung cancer risk.