PNPLA3 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: For instance, certain gene polymorphisms are closely linked to obesity-related genes (such as FTO), genes regulating lipid metabolism (such as patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 gene [PNPLA3]), and inflammatory mediator genes (such as IL-6), influencing the onset and progression of MASLD/NAFLD.