KRAS and lung adenocarcinoma: These pathological features are directly quantifiable through CT texture analysis, reflecting heterogeneity in driver gene mutations (e.g., EGFR/KRAS) [30]; (2) Peritumoral noise compromises specificity: The mean peritumoral invasion extent of lung adenocarcinoma is about 2.9 mm [19], yet our 5-mm peritumoral region encompasses non-tumoral structures (vessels, bronchi, interstitial tissue).