In PD strong enrichment of alpha-synuclein in the detergent-insoluble fractions of spinal cord was associated with downregulation of pathways related to vesicles and extracellular matrix, consistent with findings that alpha-synuclein alters vesicle biogenesis and has the potential to disrupt membranes [1, 17, 32, 35]. This evidence concerns the gene SNCA and Parkinson disease.