LSM4 and cancer: As shown in Fig. 2B, violin plots from GEPIA2 revealed that while the expression of SNRPA1, LSM4, TMED10, and PROM2 was consistently high across stages II, III, and IV, the differences between stages were not statistically significant (all p > 0.05) (Fig. 2B), suggesting that while these genes are dysregulated in cancer, their expression may not vary markedly with clinical stage.