There was a higher rate of loss of JNK pathway genes in metastatic disease with significantly more gene deletions in MAP3K11, MAP2K7, MAPK8, MAPK9 and JUN, as well as significant amplification events, indicating the potential for the pathway to be both oncogenic and tumour suppressive in this context (Fig. 6B). Here, MAPK8 is linked to metastatic neoplasm.