S100A12 and cystic fibrosis: Other markers of inflammation demonstrated to be higher in CF intestinal samples include S100A12 (calcium-binding calgranulin C, expressed in phagocytes, associated with inflammation and a proposed CF systemic inflammatory biomarker) (152, 153), lactoferrin, IL-1, tumor necrosis factor-aα (TNF-aα), rectal nitric oxide (NO) (43, 152), lipocalin-2, zinc-alpha2 glycoprotein, orosomucoid1 (47), and M2-pyruvate kinase (M2-PK) (35, 154, 155).