As we have detailed here, both IBD and CF adopt similar markers of gut microbiota dysbiosis: increased levels of Proteobacteria (largely driven by E. coli), decreased levels of select Firmicutes taxa (including multiple anaerobic SCFA producers), decreased Verrucomicrobiota (specifically Akkermansia, which is known to metabolize mucin), increased detection of oral microbes and fungi with decreases in select archaea, like methanogens. Here, MUC5AC is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.