INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Insulin B-chain amino acids 9–23 (insB9–23) (Daniel et al. 1995) is one of the most immunodominant T-cell epitopes in the islets (Pathiraja et al. 2015, Kent et al. 2017, Michels et al. 2017) and peripheral blood of human T1D patients (Alleva et al. 2001, Yang et al. 2014, Battle et al. 2015, Nakayama et al. 2015).