MTOR and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: In addition, dysregulated mTOR signaling is strongly associated with obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (46–48), and insulin and estrogen signaling through mTOR and PI3K synergistically regulate autophagy and mitochondrial metabolism, whose disruption contributes to metabolic diseases (49).