In addition, dysregulated mTOR signaling is strongly associated with obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (46–48), and insulin and estrogen signaling through mTOR and PI3K synergistically regulate autophagy and mitochondrial metabolism, whose disruption contributes to metabolic diseases (49). This evidence concerns the gene INS and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.