Preclinical studies using the STAT3-specific inhibitor S3I-201 have further confirmed the pivotal role of leptin downstream effectors in obesity-related thyroid carcinoma development (98).In summary, obesity promotes the initiation and progression of thyroid carcinoma through multiple mechanisms, including chronic inflammation, adipokine imbalance, HFD-induced metabolic dysregulation, and inflammasome activation. Here, STAT3 is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.