INS and diabetes mellitus: Imeglimin exerts a unique dual action in type 2 diabetes mellitus by simultaneously amplifying glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells (by improving their mitochondrial function and preserving beta-cell mass) and enhancing insulin action in peripheral tissues (improving insulin sensitivity in the liver and muscle, and reducing hepatic glucose output), thereby addressing both the insulin deficiency and insulin resistance characteristic of the disease (9).