TNF and Alzheimer disease: In the AD control mice, significantly increased TNF-α (**P = 0.003), IL-1α (**P = 0.001), and IL-1β (*P = 0.032) were detected in the hippocampus while significantly increased TNF-α (*P = 0.016) and IL-1α (**P = 0.007) were observed in the frontal cortex (Figures 1A,B).