INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: There are two main types of diabetes mellitus: type 1 diabetes mellitus, caused by β-cell destruction, usually mediated by immune mechanisms, which leads to absolute insulin deficiency (Müller-Wieland PD med et al., 2019; Forouhi and Wareham, 2019; Kaul et al., 2012; Jiang et al., 2020), and type 2 diabetes mellitus characterized by insulin resistance and defective insulin secretion (Müller-Wieland PD med et al., 2019).