While no significant changes were observed in cytokine levels (IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-1α, IFN-γ, TNF-α, VEGF, and MCP1), the Ginkgo Synergy plus choline group exhibited a significant reduction (57%) in epidermal growth factor (EGF), a protein that is often overexpressed in individuals with mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer’s disease (173). Here, EGF is linked to early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.