TNF and neoplasm: Moreover, post-treatment increases in inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6) or chemokines (e.g., CXCL9, CCL5) may reflect successful TAM reprogramming toward a pro-inflammatory state (9, 60, 61, 63).Despite these advances, no universally validated predictive biomarker exists, and the utility of CSF1, or TAM density varies by tumor type (63).