VDR and cancer: Importantly, the immunomodulatory effects of LCA metabolites display receptor specificity; for instance, isoalloLCA enhances Treg differentiation via VDR-independent pathways involving mitochondrial ROS or NR4A1 (70, 77), while LCA can exert cytostatic effects in cancer cells through TGR5 and CAR (Constitutive Androstane Receptor, NR1I3) (94).