Importantly, the immunomodulatory effects of LCA metabolites display receptor specificity; for instance, isoalloLCA enhances Treg differentiation via VDR-independent pathways involving mitochondrial ROS or NR4A1 (70, 77), while LCA can exert cytostatic effects in cancer cells through TGR5 and CAR (Constitutive Androstane Receptor, NR1I3) (94). Here, NR1I3 is linked to cancer.