For example, it has been shown that blocking the mannose-binding lectin II of garlic PDNVs hampers their endocytosis in HepG2 cells (Song et al., 2020) or that heat shock protein (HSPA8) from mulberry bark PDNVs binds to and activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway, with a reduction in the inflammatory response in drug-induced colitis (Sriwastva et al., 2022). This evidence concerns the gene AHR and colitis.