Intriguingly, a proportion of NOX4 expression is found in apCAF, which have recently been involved in immunosuppression in pancreatic cancer.47 In this sense, we also observed a reduction of PD-L1 expression concomitant with lower α-SMA staining at the border of iCCA tumours in the setanaxib group compared to the vehicle and galunisertib groups. Here, CD274 is linked to familial pancreatic carcinoma.