To better understand the actions of TGF-β signalling in iCCA, we compared the transcriptomic changes induced in iCCA cells after exposing them to TGF-β1 or galunisertib alone by RNA-seq analysis, showing that the top genes regulated were modulated in an opposite way by TGF-β1 and galunisertib, as expected (Fig. 3d). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and infantile convulsions and choreoathetosis.