Indeed, NOX4 expression was absent in iCCA cell lines, compared to non-tumoral liver or HCC cell lines (Supplementary Fig. 16), while it was present in LX2-HSC and hTERT-HSC cell lines, primary HSC-GFP and CAF from iCCA, correlating with the degree of activation as indicated by the levels of α-SMA (Fig. 4f). Here, ACTA1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.