TGFB1 and neoplasm: A recent report described that PD-L1 is expressed in HSC and is inducible by TGF-β.48 Furthermore, PD-L1 was able to control HSC activation by regulating TGF-β signalling, which impacted the ability of HSC to communicate with iCCA tumour cells via paracrine signalling, reducing tumour growth.48 This suggests that the reduction of PD-L1 expression by setanaxib may impact tumour growth independently of its role in the immune system regulation.